Addiction. 2002 Jan;97(1):87-93.
The urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking.
Dols M, van den Hout M, Kindt M, Willems B.
Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. M.Dols@dep.unimaas.nl
AIMS: An earlier study (Dols et al. 2000) suggested that cue-induced urge to smoke depends on the expectation of smoking. The present study tried to replicate the findings under stringently controlled conditions. DESIGN: A 2 (context) x 2 (cues) x 6 (trial) within-subject design. Each smoker entered two different contexts; one context predicted the future occurrence of smoking (i.e. one puff of a cigarette) and one context predicted the non-occurrence of smoking. In each context smokers were exposed to smoking cues (i.e. cigarettes and lighter) or not. SETTING: Laboratory at Maastricht University. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two daily smokers, smoking at least five cigarettes a day for at least 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: Participants reported their urge to smoke in each context in the presence and absence of smoking cues using a computerized visual analogue scale (VAS). FINDINGS: The results revealed that the urge to smoke was higher in a context in which smoking was expected relative to a context in which it was not expected. As in the previous study the urge-inducing effect of smoking cues was larger in the smoking context than in the non-smoking context. Moreover, smoking cues did not have a significant effect in the non-smoking context. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that smoking cues elicit craving due mainly to a generated expectation of the occurrence of smoking and less due to salience or long history of associative learning. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
PMID: 11895274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] J Pediatr. 2004 Feb;144(2):213-7. Childhood habit cough treated with self-hypnosis. Anbar RD, Hall HR. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. Anbar@mail.upstate.edu OBJECTIVES: To better understand factors associated with the development and persistence of habit cough and to report use of self-hypnosis for this condition. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was performed for 56 children and adolescents with habit cough. Interested patients were instructed in self-hypnosis for relaxation and to help ignore the cough-triggering sensation. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 10.7 years. The cough was triggered by upper respiratory infections in 59%, asthma in 13%, exercise in 5%, and eating in 4%. Onset of the cough occurred as early as 2 years, and its average duration was 13 months (range, 2 weeks to 7 years). There was a high incidence of abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in the 50% of the patients who missed more than 1 week of school because of their cough. Among the 51 patients who used hypnosis, the cough resolved during or immediately after the initial hypnosis instruction session in 78% and within 1 month in an additional 12%. CONCLUSIONS: Habit cough is triggered by various physiologic conditions, related frequently to other diagnoses, and it is associated with significant school absence. Self-hypnosis offers a safe efficient treatment.
Neuropsychopharmacol Hung. 2008 Oct;10(4):201-12. [Trichotillomania and comorbidity--lamotrigine in a new perspective] [Article in Hungarian] Moretti M. Pszichiátriai magánrendelés, Eger. moretti@vipmail.hu Trichotillomania an impulse disorder that causes people to pull out the hair) is a relatively rare psychiatric illness, though the number of patients in need are definitely much higher than that we encounter in psychiatric practice. According to ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR trichotillomania is an impulse disorder but latest researches in neurobiology and picture taking procedures seem to provide convincing evidence of it's being a relative of addictions. The article is a glimpse into the core of the newest literature also focusing on therapeutical solutions. The therapeutical effects of mode stabilizers as lamotrigine appear to gain on significance in the treatment of compulsive-impulsive illnesses such as trichotillomania. The article points out the especially high comorbidity with depression and dysthymia (OCD) and focuses on the psychopathologic impact of early traumas. In the case study many elements of the complex therapy of trichotillomania are also displayed.
J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1996 Oct;17(5):328-34. Hypnotherapeutic management of pediatric and adolescent trichotillomania. Kohen DP. Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA. Trichotillomania in children is regularly described as analogous to a habit disorder. As such, it is thought at times to be benign in a manner analogous to habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. It is also considered by some to be an obsessive-compulsive disorder, to be more recalcitrant to intervention, and to be more socially disabling than simple habits, particularly when persistence and intensity eventuate in obvious alopecia. This report presents five cases of trichotillomania in which self-monitoring, dissociative hypnotic techniques, and self-hypnosis (relaxation/mental imagery) practice were used in teaching children successful management of this vexing problem. Specific emphasis is placed on the nature and importance of modifying the described techniques for the personal and specific developmental needs of individual patients.
Ann Allergy. 1991 Dec;67(6):579-82. Outcome of habit cough in children treated with a brief session of suggestion therapy. Lokshin B, Lindgren S, Weinberger M, Koviach J. Pediatric Allergy & Pulmonary Division, University of Missouri Hospital, Columbia. Nine patients with habit cough, initially misdiagnosed as asthma, were treated during a period of sustained repetitive symptoms with a brief session of suggestion therapy. Symptoms had previously been present for up to 2 years (median = 2 months). Five had been hospitalized for the cough. Evaluation revealed no physiologic or radiologic abnormality. All patients became symptom free during a 15-minute session of suggestion therapy. During the subsequent week, one remained completely asymptomatic and 8 had transient minor relapses that were readily self-controlled. Seven of the 9 could be contacted for determination of long-term outcome at periods up to 9 years (median 2.2 years) after the session. Six were totally asymptomatic; one had occasional minor self-controlled symptoms. A standardized questionnaire assessing psychologic symptoms at the time of follow-up revealed no somatization nor emotional distress. In contrast to this apparent cure, others have reported extended periods of continued symptoms in the absence of a uniform treatment plan for suggestion therapy even though the correct diagnosis was made. We conclude that the classical habit cough syndrome is amenable to immediate relief and long-term cure in most cases with a single session of appropriate suggestion therapy.
Arch Dis Child. 1990 Jun;65(6):626-7. Self hypnotherapeutic treatment of habitual reflex vomiting. Sokel BS, Devane SP, Bentovim A, Milla PJ. Department of Psychological Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, London. A 9 year old boy with intractable postprandial reflex vomiting was taught a self hypnotherapy technique incorporating relaxation exercises, mental imagery, and suggestions of symptom relief. The sequence was recorded on a personal stereo cassette tape. Vomiting was completely eliminated within four weeks. At 12 month review vomiting had not recurred.
Am J Clin Hypn. 1989 Oct;32(2):84-9. Self-injurious behavior as a habit and its treatment. Orian C. The definition of self-injurious behavior applies to persons who hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation. The different aspects of self-injurious behavior and the theories explaining them are reviewed. For 5 years a young, intelligent woman had inflicted injuries upon herself with sharp instruments while ostensibly caring for her face and legs. The short-term hypnobehavioral treatment included keeping daily reports of her self-inflicted injuries and of her thoughts while executing them, finding alternative activities to replace her habit, and practicing self-hypnosis once a day. Increasing the level of understanding of her inner conflict and accenting ways of breaking the habit by means of positive autosuggestion proved very effective. The treatment was successful after 13 sessions.
PMID: 11895274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] J Pediatr. 2004 Feb;144(2):213-7. Childhood habit cough treated with self-hypnosis. Anbar RD, Hall HR. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. Anbar@mail.upstate.edu OBJECTIVES: To better understand factors associated with the development and persistence of habit cough and to report use of self-hypnosis for this condition. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was performed for 56 children and adolescents with habit cough. Interested patients were instructed in self-hypnosis for relaxation and to help ignore the cough-triggering sensation. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 10.7 years. The cough was triggered by upper respiratory infections in 59%, asthma in 13%, exercise in 5%, and eating in 4%. Onset of the cough occurred as early as 2 years, and its average duration was 13 months (range, 2 weeks to 7 years). There was a high incidence of abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in the 50% of the patients who missed more than 1 week of school because of their cough. Among the 51 patients who used hypnosis, the cough resolved during or immediately after the initial hypnosis instruction session in 78% and within 1 month in an additional 12%. CONCLUSIONS: Habit cough is triggered by various physiologic conditions, related frequently to other diagnoses, and it is associated with significant school absence. Self-hypnosis offers a safe efficient treatment.
Neuropsychopharmacol Hung. 2008 Oct;10(4):201-12. [Trichotillomania and comorbidity--lamotrigine in a new perspective] [Article in Hungarian] Moretti M. Pszichiátriai magánrendelés, Eger. moretti@vipmail.hu Trichotillomania an impulse disorder that causes people to pull out the hair) is a relatively rare psychiatric illness, though the number of patients in need are definitely much higher than that we encounter in psychiatric practice. According to ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR trichotillomania is an impulse disorder but latest researches in neurobiology and picture taking procedures seem to provide convincing evidence of it's being a relative of addictions. The article is a glimpse into the core of the newest literature also focusing on therapeutical solutions. The therapeutical effects of mode stabilizers as lamotrigine appear to gain on significance in the treatment of compulsive-impulsive illnesses such as trichotillomania. The article points out the especially high comorbidity with depression and dysthymia (OCD) and focuses on the psychopathologic impact of early traumas. In the case study many elements of the complex therapy of trichotillomania are also displayed.
J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1996 Oct;17(5):328-34. Hypnotherapeutic management of pediatric and adolescent trichotillomania. Kohen DP. Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA. Trichotillomania in children is regularly described as analogous to a habit disorder. As such, it is thought at times to be benign in a manner analogous to habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. It is also considered by some to be an obsessive-compulsive disorder, to be more recalcitrant to intervention, and to be more socially disabling than simple habits, particularly when persistence and intensity eventuate in obvious alopecia. This report presents five cases of trichotillomania in which self-monitoring, dissociative hypnotic techniques, and self-hypnosis (relaxation/mental imagery) practice were used in teaching children successful management of this vexing problem. Specific emphasis is placed on the nature and importance of modifying the described techniques for the personal and specific developmental needs of individual patients.
Ann Allergy. 1991 Dec;67(6):579-82. Outcome of habit cough in children treated with a brief session of suggestion therapy. Lokshin B, Lindgren S, Weinberger M, Koviach J. Pediatric Allergy & Pulmonary Division, University of Missouri Hospital, Columbia. Nine patients with habit cough, initially misdiagnosed as asthma, were treated during a period of sustained repetitive symptoms with a brief session of suggestion therapy. Symptoms had previously been present for up to 2 years (median = 2 months). Five had been hospitalized for the cough. Evaluation revealed no physiologic or radiologic abnormality. All patients became symptom free during a 15-minute session of suggestion therapy. During the subsequent week, one remained completely asymptomatic and 8 had transient minor relapses that were readily self-controlled. Seven of the 9 could be contacted for determination of long-term outcome at periods up to 9 years (median 2.2 years) after the session. Six were totally asymptomatic; one had occasional minor self-controlled symptoms. A standardized questionnaire assessing psychologic symptoms at the time of follow-up revealed no somatization nor emotional distress. In contrast to this apparent cure, others have reported extended periods of continued symptoms in the absence of a uniform treatment plan for suggestion therapy even though the correct diagnosis was made. We conclude that the classical habit cough syndrome is amenable to immediate relief and long-term cure in most cases with a single session of appropriate suggestion therapy.
Arch Dis Child. 1990 Jun;65(6):626-7. Self hypnotherapeutic treatment of habitual reflex vomiting. Sokel BS, Devane SP, Bentovim A, Milla PJ. Department of Psychological Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, London. A 9 year old boy with intractable postprandial reflex vomiting was taught a self hypnotherapy technique incorporating relaxation exercises, mental imagery, and suggestions of symptom relief. The sequence was recorded on a personal stereo cassette tape. Vomiting was completely eliminated within four weeks. At 12 month review vomiting had not recurred.
Am J Clin Hypn. 1989 Oct;32(2):84-9. Self-injurious behavior as a habit and its treatment. Orian C. The definition of self-injurious behavior applies to persons who hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation. The different aspects of self-injurious behavior and the theories explaining them are reviewed. For 5 years a young, intelligent woman had inflicted injuries upon herself with sharp instruments while ostensibly caring for her face and legs. The short-term hypnobehavioral treatment included keeping daily reports of her self-inflicted injuries and of her thoughts while executing them, finding alternative activities to replace her habit, and practicing self-hypnosis once a day. Increasing the level of understanding of her inner conflict and accenting ways of breaking the habit by means of positive autosuggestion proved very effective. The treatment was successful after 13 sessions.
